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FIRE SAFETY IN SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES
NCEF's resource list of links, books, and journal articles on fire prevention and fire protection in school and university facilities. 
Wildfires and Schools.
http://www.ncef.org/pubs/wildfires.pdf (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC , Oct 2008)
Discusses conditions that feed wildfires, how a building catches fire, determining your school's risk, creating a survivable space for the school, the importance of maintenance, the fire-resistant school, meeting code requirements, related flood and mudslide risks, and an appendix on wildfire response. 22 additional resources are cited. 6p.
Door Locking Options for Schools.
http://www.ncef.org/pubs/door_locks.pdf (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC , Apr 2008)
Explains the building and fire code requirements governing doors in schools, discusses existing door locking options, and describes the varied and sometimes conflicting safety- and security-related functions of school doors. The California Department of Education's recommendations for school entrances, doors, and access control, as well as eight references 4p.
School Fires. Topical Fire Research Series. Volume 8, Issue 1.
http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/tfrs/v8i1.pdf (US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, D.C. , Aug 2007)
Using the past 3 years of data, for 2003 to 2005, from the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) database, the yearly national fire loss for fires on nonadult school properties is estimated at $85 million. Such losses are the result of an estimated annual average of 14,700 fires that required a fire department response. Fires on school properties caused an average of approximately 100 injuries. No fatalities were reported to NFIRS during this period. Forty percent of these school-related fires occurred outdoors on school property. Trash fires accounted for 36% of these outside fires, and fires in open fields or woods accounted for an additional 19%. Forty-three percent of fires on school properties, an estimated 6,300 fires, were structure fires. Slightly over half of these structure fires were confined to the object where the fire started, such as a small cooking fire (20%) or a fire confined to a trash can (28%). Six percent of fires on school properties were vehicle fires. This document discusses how to make schools safe when fires start on school properties, causes of school structural fires, juvenile firesetters, where school structure fires start, material ignited in school structure fires, and examples. 6p.
Fire Safety 101: A Factsheet for Colleges and Universities
http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/fswy8.pdf (U.S. Fire Administration, Mar 2006)
Tips to help reduce and prevent the loss of life and property in dormitory and university housing fires. 1p
Secure/Safe [Whole Building Design Guide]
http://www.wbdg.org/design/secure_safe.php WBDG Safe Committee (National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, D.C. , Jul 2005)
Designing buildings for security and safety requires a proactive approach that anticipates—and then protects—the building occupants, resources, structure, and continuity of operations from multiple hazards. This section of the Whole Building Design Guide discusses four fundamental principles of multi-hazard building design: Plan for Fire Protection; Ensure Occupant Safety and Health; Resist Natural Hazards; and Provide Security for Building Occupants and Assets.
SMART School Tool (School Multi-hazard Assessment Resource Tool).
http://www.ni2cie.org/schools.asp (Center for Infrastructure Expertise, 2005)
SMART is a multi-hazard vulnerability assessment for schools to use in analyzing their current safety and security level of preparedness. Each assessment module focuses on one hazard with specific questions matched to resources that may help your school better understand and learn more about a particular safety or security concern. Free registration is required.
Controlling Construction Costs of Educational Facilities.
http://www.nfsa.org/departments/regional/regionaldirector/controlling_costs.doc Husoe, Oystein; Dewar, Buddy (National Fire Sprinkler Association, Patterson, NY , 2005)
Describes methods of reducing construction costs while still including fire protection design and systems. Exemptions to expensive building compartmentation requirements may be obtained if sprinkler systems are used, and the author advocates for these and other code alternatives. Stand-by water fees charged for sprinkler systems are opposed, with specific recommendations for legislative action in California. A review of construction costs using passive versus active fire suppression for eight proposed high school buildings follows. 27p.
School Fires.
http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/tfrs/v4i6.pdf (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Fire Administration, National Fire Data Center, Emmitsburg, MD , Dec 2004)
Details the following 2002 findings concerning school fires: 1)37% of all school structure fires and 52% of middle and high school structure fires were incendiary or suspicious. 2)Fatalaties from school fires are rare, but inuries per fire were higher in schools than in other non-residential structures. 3)The leading area of fire origin was the lavoratory. 4)K-12 school fires increased at the beginning and end of the academic year. Other fire causes, places of origin, and times of occurrence are also illustrated. 4p.
Description of the Minimum Adequate Fire Alarm System as Required by the School Facilities Board.
http://www.azsfb.gov/sfb/new%20construction/docs/Fire%20Alarm.pdf (Arizona School Facilities Board, Phoenix , Jun 2004)
Outlines the components of a "minimum adequate" fire alarm system for Arizona schools, covering wiring, location of equipment, horns, strobes, smoke detectors, and special requirements for kitchens, mechanical and storage rooms, and janitor facilities. 1p.
Impact of Sprinklers on the Fire Hazard in Dormitories: Day Room Fire Experiments.
http://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire04/PDF/f04012.pdf (U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD , Jun 2004)
Reports on a series of experiments where fires were initiated in days rooms with and without fire sprinklers, and open to the corridor of an abandoned dormitory. Descriptions of the building construction, the fuel load in the day rooms, and the location of the instrumentation used to measure temperature and heat flux in the day room and the adjacent corridor are included. Smoke alarm activation and sprinkler activation times are also reported. The results from the experiments comparing the sprinklered and non-sprinklered day room are presented, demonstrating the life safety benefits of smoke alarms and automatic fire sprinkler systems in college dormitories. 88p.
Report NO: NISTIR 7120
Manual for Fire and Building Safety Inspections in Public and Nonpublic Schools. [New York]
http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/facplan/FireSafety/2004_FSR_master.pdf (The University of the State of New York; The State Education Department, Office of Facilities Planning, Albany, NY , Jan 2004)
This manual is designed to provide instruction for the school administrator and the inspector for the performing of fire prevention and fire inspection. It provides background information and details about applicable regulations and codes and explains the inspection and enforcement processes. Chapters include: 1) standards and applicability; 2) enforcement of standards; 3) fire safety inspection process; 4) fire safety report; and 5) certificates of occupancy. Appendices include: 1) fire inspection zones; 2) leased facilities; 3) fire safety inspection code reference checklist. 38p.
Fire Safety in Buildings
Grosse, Larry; Malvern, Fred (National Council of Architectural Registration Boards, Washingon, DC, 2004)
This describes incorporating fire-safe design in buildings. Such measures must be considered early in the design process and revolve around three objectives: prevent ignition; control the effects of a fire should one start; and protect the building occupants and contents from a fire's effects. In order to provide fire-safe design, architects should identify occupant and building characteristics, including operations that are sensitive to heat, smoke, and water. 94p.
TO ORDER:
NCARBhttp://www.ncarb.org/publications/pdpmonographs.html
Fire Safety in Schools, Building Our Future: Scotland's School Estate.
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library5/education/ssefs-00.asp (Scottish Executive, Edinburgh , 2003)
Describes the statutory duty of the local education authority and headteacher in preventing school fires, satisfactory means of escape in the event of fire, and the fire dangers associated with certain high risk areas, electrical equipment, flammable substances, furnishings, and during building work. The preventative management duties of personnel in charge are outlined, and a step-by step fire risk assessment guide is provided. Advice on training of personnel, development of an emergency plan, fire detection and alarm systems, fire fighting equipment, emergency lighting, recovery planning, and design is included. 45p.
ISBN-0-7559-4063-6
Fire Protection Handbook
Cote, Arthur (National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2003)
This authoritative and comprehensive text covers major advances in fire alarm systems, life safety, rescue training, fire risk analysis, and water mist suppression.
A chapter on fundamentals of safe building design details how design loads and forces, and building systems and components, impact safety in new and existing structures.
A section on detection and alarm give fire protection designers and engineers the latest on fire alarm systems, fire alarm system interfaces, and carbon monoxide detection. 2,004p
ISBN: 0877654743 TO ORDER: National Fire Protection Association http://www.nfpa.org/catalog/catalog_home.asp
School Fires in New Zealand: Economic and Social Analysis.
http://www.nzier.org.nz/files/186.pdf (New Zealand Institute of Economic Research, Wellington , Feb 2002)
Sets out the findings of a study aiming to help raise awareness of the factors contributing to school fires, and their implications for individual schools and communities, with the intention of raising awareness of risk reduction measures, and to encourage an increased sense of community responsibility for the protection of public assets. Included are case studies of state schools that had experienced serious fires in recent years, interviews with NZFS and Ministry of Education personnel, analyses of trends based on NZFS and Ministry of Education statistical databases, reviews of the relevant New Zealand and international literature, an outline of an economic analysis of fire protection in schools, summaries of current policy responses, including: Code Development, Business Continuity Planning , and the Fire Awareness Intervention Programme. 72p.
Catastrophic Fire Prevention Task Force: School Fires.
http://www.firemarshals.org/data/File/docs/school_fire_project.pdf (National Association of State Fire Marshals, Washington, DC , 2002)
Cites notable recent school fires, describing their causes and the amount of damage incurred. Typical ignition sources and types of combustible materials in schools are listed, as are the recommended elements of a fire protection plan that includes occupant education, management of building contents, egress, and sprinklers. 8p.
Dormitory Fires. [Topical Fire Research Series]
http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/tfrs/v1i14.pdf (U.S. Fire Administration, Emmitsburg, MD, Mar 2001)
Each year in the U.S. there are an estimated 1,300 fires in high school, private and prep school, and university dormitories. These fires are responsible for less than 5 deaths, and approximately 50 injuries, and $4.1 million in property loss annually. This topical report examines the characteristics of fires coded in the National Fire Incident Reporting System occuring in dormitories. Subjects examined include loss measures, time of year, cause, materials ignited, injuries, smoke alarm performance, and conclusions. 3p.
Manual for Public School Facilities Fire Prevention and Fire Inspections. [New York]
http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/facplan (New York State Education Department,Office of Facilities Planning, Albany, NY , Jan 2001)
This manual instructs school administrators and inspectors on how to complete the fire inspection report for educational facilities in New York State. The manual examines fire safety regulations, code requirements, and fire safety standards enforcement. The manual includes an outline of the fire inspection process. It provides directions for completing fire inspection reports. It discusses procedures for appealing disputes, and it comments on financial considerations. 53p.
Fire Safety. Managing School Facilities Guide 6.
http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/_doc/971/SBfire_safety_guide[1].pdf (Dept. for Education and Employment, London, England , 2000)
This booklet discusses how United Kingdom schools can manage fire safety and minimize the risk of fire. The guide examines what legislation school buildings must comply with and overs the major risks. It also describes training and evacuation procedures and provides guidance on fire precautions, alarm systems, fire fighting equipment, and escape routes. Checklists are also provided on security risk assessment and fire safety, and hazard and fire precaution. (Contains 22 references.) 49p.
ISBN-0-11-271040-9 TO ORDER: The Stationery Office Publications Centre, PO Box 276, London SW8 5DT England; Tel: 071-873-0011 http://www.tso.co.uk/bookshop/bookstore.asp?
Facilities Evaluation Handbook: Safety, Fire Protection, and Environmental Compliance, 2nd edition.
Petrocelly, K. L.; Thumann, Albert (Prentice Hall , 2000)
Provides guidance to help plant and facilities managers conduct inspections and evaluations of their facilities in order to pinpoint and solve problems in the areas of maintenance, safety, energy efficiency, and environmental compliance. Describes how to develop cost-effective corrective action strategies. 294p.
ISBN: 013026220X
Fire Safety in Schools
http://www.mast.mb.ca/Risk_Management/firesafety/fire1.htm (Manitoba Association of School Trustees, 1998)
This pamphlet is designed to reduce the number of potential fire incidents in schools. Apart from arson, major causes of school fires include improper handling and storage of flammable liquids, overloaded electrical outlets and excessive accumulation of rubbish. As well, many fires are a result of changing original designs; where classrooms are turned into motor repair shops, spray painting rooms, or other industrial arts instruction areas. Covers fire prevention in laboratories, classrooms, gymnasiums, kitchen and home economics rooms, industrial arts, office and storage areas, halls and doorways, boilers and maintenance rooms.
Fire and the Design of Educational Buildings. Building Bulletin 7. Sixth Edition.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery (Department for Education and Science, London, England , 1997)
This bulletin offers guidance on English school premises regulations applying to safety protection against fires in the following general areas: means of escape in case of fire; precautionary measures to prevent fire; fire warning systems and fire fighting; fire spreading speed; structures and materials resistant to fires; and damage control. It includes major revisions in the requirements for means of escape and the requirements aimed specifically at the designers of new construction. It also provides recommendations on planning and construction of escape routes dealing primarily with the number, width, location and construction of these routes. The use of fire resistant construction in its ability to restrict the spread of smoke and flame are explored as are suggestions on installing wiring equipment; everyday precautions occupants should observe if other precautions are not to be nullified; the ways fires can be prevented through careful design, management, and maintenance practice; and ideas for limiting fire damage. 47p.
ERIC NO: ED432906 ;
Underground Fuel Storage Tanks.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080113143321 McGovern, Matthew (Council of Educational Facility Planners,International, Scottsdale, AZ , May 1996)
Owners of underground storage tanks often fail to realize the legal requirements—federal, state, and
local—associated with their ownership as well as the liability associated with leaking tanks. Leaking
underground fuel storage tanks cause environmental damage to such elements as the underground aquifer
(fresh water supply) and trees. In addition to environmental contamination, these leaking tanks also can cause
fires and explosions, thus becoming a very real threat to human safety.
5p.
An Unseen Friend: The Role of Glass in Fire Protection.
Razwick, Jerry Doors and Hardware; v72 n8 , p30-32,34 ; Aug 2008
Discusses the role of glass in building compartmentalization and fire suppression. Advances in the fire ratings of wired and unwired glass are discussed, as are transparent ceramics, resistance to thermal shock, glass firewall ratings, framing, and combinations of fire-rated glass and sprinkler systems.
CASBO Members Called to Action During Fires.
Faneldes, Julie School Business Affairs; v74 n6 , p28-30 ; Jun 2008
Describes how school business officials in San Diego County responded to recent wildfires with a new mass notification system, software that matched affected areas to employee addresses, and use of schools as evacuation centers.
Sounding the Alarm.
Kneen, Jayson; Welch, Beth The Construction Specifier; v 61 n6 , p68-74 ; Jun 2008
Discusses the evolution of simple fire alarm systems to emergency mass notification systems that increasingly use wireless technology and are more impervious to destruction by the event. Components of mass notification systems are discussed, as are applicable codes, and effective communication to occupants with disabilities.
Fire Systems Go Hand in Hand with Human Factors.
http://www.buildings.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=6095 Niderfinger, Al; West, Lee Buildings; v102, n6 , p128-130 ; Jun 2008
Emphasizes the importance of inspecting, testing, and maintaining fire prevention systems. Examples of negligence that have contributed to fires are provided, as are steps for inspection and maintenance of control valves, sprinkler systems, and water supply.
Preventing Disaster.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1825 Fickes, Michael School Planning and Management; v47 n5 , p48,50-52 ; May 2008
Reviews the standard building, egress, and fire prevention codes, and how they apply to schools. Their effectiveness and typical sources of school fires are also addressed.
A Quick Route to Saving Lives.
http://www.peterli.com/cpm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1834 Sturgeon, Julie College Planning and Management; v11 n5 , p45,46,48,49-51 ; May 2008
Describes how the University of Massachusetts Amherst is retrofitting its residence halls with sprinkler systems, with each phase of the work being completed on a very tight Summer schedule. Significant pre-planning, mock-ups, and creative bidding shorten the construction times.
The Basics of Passive Fire Protection.
http://www.buildings.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=5851 Aker, Jenna Buildings; v102 n4 , p66-68,70 ; Apr 2008
Reviews fireproofing of structural materials, building compartmentalization, building opening protection, and firestopping materials as methods of passive fire protection. Codes and costs involved in these techniques are also addressed.
Planning That Saves Lives.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1700 School Planning and Management; v47 n2 , p54,56-59 ; Feb 2008
Describes the basic implementation process of a fire protection system during a school renovation, including selecting and working with a fire protection engineer, and creating and implementing a life safety plan.
Where's the Fire?
http://www.peterli.com/cpm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1722 Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v11 n2 , p24,26,27 ; Feb 2008
Discusses fire safety training priorities for higher education staff, faculty, and students, and includes a case study of fire safety awareness at Montana State University.
Integrated Doors and Elevator Lobbies: Practical Applications under the Codes.
Hynes, Charles The Construction Specifier; v60 n11 , p46-48,50-52 ; Nov 2007
Discusses the use of integrated door assemblies at an elevator entrance to create an aesthetically pleasing alternative to conventional fire doors that separate an elevator lobby from a corridor. Elements of design, installation, and two examples are detailed.
Fire Stopper.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/1664.shtm Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v10 n11 , pS8,S10 ; Nov 2007
Reviews the benefits of intumescent paint as a fire retardant, noting recent advances in the product that make it more affordable and easier to work with, as well application procedures.
Unlocking the Mystery: Electrified Hardware and Electronic Access Control Systems.
Tobias, Scott The Construction Specifier; v60 n11 , p38-44 ; Nov 2007
Reviews the benefits of electrified door hardware to security and life safety, describes electromechanical versions of locks, and discusses the components of an access control system, including the power source, load, control, and conductor.
NFPA 150: The Road Ahead for Animal Housing Facilities.
Hawthorne, Timothy; Davodi, Hoosein Laboratory Design; v12 n9 , p8-10 ; Sep 2007
Discusses fire safety in animal housing facilities, according to the National Fire Protection Associations standard 150. The standard addresses society's value of animal life, an animal's inability to protect itself from fire when confined in structures, and the lack of animal considerations in current building, fire, and life safety codes. The three sections of the standard cover administrative requirements, general requirements for all animal facilities, and specific requirements focused on the class of the facility, with class being determined by amount of public access to the facility.
Facility Safety: Focus on Firestops.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=7445&keywords=fire%20safety,%20fires tops Pankoski, Barbara Maintenance Solutions; v15 n9 , p21,22 ; Sep 2007
Discusses the motive for compartmentalization of a building to control fire and smoke, focusing on strategies to maintain the integrity of firewalls that have been penetrated to accommodate building systems. Types of products and barrier management are also discussed.
Practical Products for Campus Fire Safety.
Halligan, Mike College Planning and Management; v10 n8 , p34,36,38 ; Aug 2007
Reviews higher education fire statistics, and then describes and recommends smart extension cords that shut off power if the cord is compromised in any way, as well as fire extinguishers that are electronically monitored with wireless devices.
Seeing Through Today's Fire-Rated Glass.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/1588.shtm Sturgeon, Julie College Planning and Management; v10 n8 , p40,42 ; Aug 2007
Reviews applications for fire-rated glass, typically constrained by the very high prices of the newest products. Advantages of glass to building transparency and subsequent reduced dependancy on artificial light can lead to energy savings that will offset the cost of the glass. Ratings, advantages, and disadvantages of old and new fire-rated glass products are discussed.
Fire Safety Systems.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1600.shtm White, Jeffrey School Planning and Management; v46 n8 , p37,38,40 ; Aug 2007
Reviews fire safety in schools, including sprinkler systems, egress safety, evacuation plans, proper building and fire system maintenance, and fire safety design team selection.
Campus Fire Alarm Challenges.
http://www.fpemag.com/articles/article.asp?i=304 Fire Protection Engineering; n35 , p48-50 ; Summer 2007
Reviews options for improved design, installation, inspection, testing, maintenance, and use of campus fire alarm systems. Includes nine references.
Fire-Safety Challenges Facing College Campuses.
http://www.fpemag.com/articles/article.asp?i=300 Alipour-fard, Mansour Fire Protection Engineering; n35 , p8-16 ; Summer 2007
Advises on fire risk in campus dormitories, greek housing, and off-campus residences. Ignition potential in staff areas and laboratories is also discussed, with 20 tips on reducing fire risk in laboratories included. The article addresses risky student behaviors, proper housekeeping and storage, prevention of unauthorized construction, upgrading of aging facilities, fire sprinklers, and an inspection, testing, and maintenance program. Challenges are listed under the two main categories of ignition prevention and managing fire impact, acknowledging that absolute prevention of all fires is not possible. Also addressed are the particulars of off-campus and Greek housing, academic buildings, laboratories, and service areas. Includes seven references.
Community Collaboration: A College Administrator's View of Campus Fire Safety.
http://www.fpemag.com/articles/article.asp?i=302 Caldwell, Ward Fire Protection Engineering; n35 , p26,28-31 ; Summer 2007
Laments the poor state of college student fire safety awareness, where fire drills and false alarms cause apathy, and students experiment with risky behavior. Sprinklers, even though expensive as a retrofit, are recommended, as is outreach to off-campus housing landlords.
Campus Fire Safety: A U.S. Overview.
http://www.fpemag.com/articles/article.asp?i=301 Comeau, Ed Fire Protection Engineering; n35 , p18-22,24 ; Summer 2007
Discusses the difficulty in obtaining accurate data on higher education residence fires, since only 1/3 of college students live in dormitories, and national data on dormitory fires also includes communal living facilities that are not related to education. Efforts to include off-campus housing in campus fire statistics are discussed, as are keys to educating the 18-24 year-old college housing clientele.
Safe Passage.
http://asumag.com/security/life_safety/university_safe_passage_2/ Razwick, Jeff American School and University; v70 n12 , p38-42 ; Jul 2007
Discusses thre primary elements of fire safety: detection, suppression, and compartmentalization of the structure. Particular attention is given to the properties of fire-rated glass and ceramics which offer compartmentalization without inhibiting visibility.
Fire and Ice.
College Planning and Management; v9 n11 , pS16,S17 ; Nov 2006
Reviews typical causes of residence hall fires and suggests steps to reduce them, as well as offering a checklist to use in preparation for snow and ice removal season.
A Head Start on Firestops.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=5451&keywords=firestop,%20fire%20saf ety,%20fire%20prevention Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v14 n10 , p28,29 ; Oct 2006
Discusses the proper use of firestops to seal openings in fire-rated walls and doors. Code requirements and the most commonly used materials are described, as is maintenance and the technique of linking the firestop to fire alarm and suppression systems.
Flexible Design Can Improve Fire Safety
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/bom/article.asp?id=5224 Carrigan, James Building Operating Management; Sep 2006
An alternative to prescriptive building codes, performance-based designs are tailored for specific facilities, such as educational facilities configured around an elaborate atrium. The performance-based strategy uses customized fire- and life-safety solutions that meet or exceed the intent of the prescriptive code. This discusses laying the groundwork, making it work, staying legal, and making the decision.
Facilitating Fire Safety.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/1132.shtm Halligan, Mike College Planning and Management; v9 n5 , p22,24,25 ; May 2006
Reviews the role that facilities staff play in fire safety, including keeping mechanical spaces clear, maintaining egress lighting and fire suppression systems, testing alarms, and promoting fire-safe products.
A Life Safety Guide to Building Design: Fire Equipment and Codes.
Jaugstetter, Pat The Construction Specifier; v59 n5 , p89-93 ; May 2006
Reviews building assessment and tools for fire safety. Features of a building's construction and use that impact fire safety are enumerated, and types of fire fighting and suppression systems reviewed include portable fire extinguishers, standpipe fire hose stations, and dry and wet chemical systems.
Fire Safety: Finding the Weakest Link.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=4270 Windle, Lynn Building Operating Management; v53 n4 ; Apr 2006
Highlights typical fire safety oversights such as sprinkler valve condition, security measures that inhibit egress, storage in stairwells and electrical closets, and occupants' lack of awareness of a particular building's safety features.
Lessons from the Ashes: Advice after a Campus Fire.
Foster, Gary; Hendrickson, Darren; Freeland Lisa The Chronicle of Higher Education; v52 n25 , pB9 ; Feb 24, 2006
Lists lessons learned from a fire at Eastern Illinois University, including keeping computer backups off site, purging obsolete materials so they won t incur recovery costs, and streamlining insurance procedures so that faculty and staff can be quickly and accurately compensated for lost property.
Towards the Design and Operation of Fire Safe School Facilities
Hassanain, Mohammad A. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal; v15 n5 , p838-846(9) ; 2006
The objectives of this paper are to present an assessment for the consideration of fire safety during the design stages of school facilities in Saudi Arabia; and to present the development of a fire risk assessment survey tool whereby existing school facilities can be evaluated for the purpose of identifying and eliminating fire hazards, and meeting the minimum requirements of current legislation.
TO ORDER:
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/
How to Prevent On- and Off-Campus Fires.
College Planning and Management; v8 n11 , pS-20,S-21 ; Nov 2005
Suggests rules for residence halls and Greek society housing that will help prevent fires. These involve banning of candles, appliances with exposed heating elements, and halogen lighting. Safe electrical practices and fire safety training are also outlined.
The Way Out.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1017.shtm School Planning and Management; v44 n11 , p34,35 ; Nov 2005
Reviews current National Fire Protection Association Life Safety Code requirements for egress and emergency illumination and describes low-maintenance LED exit signs that use very little electricity.
Improving Fire Safety Protection.
Poss, Christa School Planning and Management; v44 n11 , pS-3 ; Nov 2005
Describes directional sound technology that can help direct building occupants to the closest exit in case of an emergency.
Squelching Fire Safety Risks
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/bom/article.asp?id=3091 Tatum, Rita Building Operating Management; Jul 2005
A wide range of products and design strategies are being used in combinations to make buildings and their contents better able to survive a fire. This discusses sprinklers and smoke detection, noncombustible components, and communications systems.
Keep it Safe.
Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v8 n6 , p52,54,56,58 ; Jun 2005
Reviews recent changes in fire safety codes, with emphasis on sprinklers, exit doors, and wired or filmed glass. A fire sprinkler "Q & A" is included.
Emergency Preparedness: Path to Safety
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/bom/article.asp?id=2743 Harrington, Gregory Building Operating Management; Apr 2005
An emergency plan is more than just paperwork. A carefully prepared and regularly practiced plan might be the difference between life and death. This discusses evacuation or defend-in-place, facility fire protection and life safety systems, decision-making in emergencies, and the facilities executive's role.
Making Connections.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_making_connections_2/ Haynes, John American School and University; v77 n9 , p58,60,61 ; Apr 2005
Discusses Internet connectivity to fire and safety systems, which can enhance response by eliminating human error and providing more detailed event reporting. Examples of the unique safety challenges presented by various educational environments, as well as configuration and security options for such systems are also offered.
On Fire for Safety.
Sturgeon, Julie College Planning and Management; v8 n2 , p26-28 ; Feb 2005
Describes efforts to improve fire safety on various college campuses, and to enhance relations with the local fire departments, especially since the campuses are typically exempt from local taxes. Also discussed are means of dealing with false alarms and students who refuse to evacuate in the event of an alarm.
Designing Schools with Fire/Life Safety Needs in Mind.
http://www.schoolconstructionnews.com/ME2/Audiences Fitzgerald, John; Sistare, Paul School Construction News; v7 n8 , p26 ; Nov-Dec 2004
Describes multi-criteria fire detectors, which use a combination of ionization, photoelectric, and thermal sensing to help ensure accurate fire detection.
Balanced Approach to Fire Safety
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/bom/article.asp?id=2257 Tatum, Rita Building Operating Management; Nov 2004
When it comes to protecting people and property, a mix of active and passive fire protection measures is the best choice. This describes the role of alarms, the role of sprinklers, a code perspective, learning from experience, role of protected construction, and the role of the facility executive.
Shedding Light on Emergency Exits.
Gottwalt, T.J. The Construction Specifier; v57 n10 , p50-52,54 ; Oct 2004
Discusses ways to improve emergency egress lighting through stricter codes and the installation of low-level fixtures, photoluminescent strips and paints, and EL lamps.
Fire Power.
Razwick, Jerry The Construction Specifier; v57 n10 , p44-46,48 ; Oct 2004
Discusses the impact hazards of wired glass, and new fire-resistant glazing options offering higher impact ratings without loss of fire protection. These include fire-rated ceramics, glass layered with intumescent materials, and laminates. Also discussed are developments in framing and curtain wall systems.
Life/Fire Safety.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/722.shtm Dolan, Thomas G. School Planning and Management; v43 n8 , p25,26,28 ; Aug 2004
Discusses recent improvements in smoke detectors, fire alarms, and glass that address the some of the reliability and safety concerns about these technologies.
Making Fire Safety Technologies Safer on Campus.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/849.shtm Fickes, Michael. College Planning and Management; v7 n8 , p38,40-42 ; Aug 2004
Describes smoke detectors that announce tampering as well as smoke, networked fire detection and suppression technology, and sophisticated systems installed in dormitories at Boston's Northeastern University.
Getting Involved in the Code Process.
http://www.appa.org/files/FMArticles/FM070804Code.pdf Baker, Brooks H. Facilities Manager; v20 n4 , p31-33 ; Jul-Aug 2004
Using examples from recent National Fire Protection Association actions, the author explains how facilities professionals should be involved in code writing, and how their lack of involvement can contribute to the adoption of onerous standards.
NFPA 90A Revises Standards for HVAC Systems.
http://www.appa.org/files/FMArticles/ACF7AD2.pdf Erickson, Douglas S. Facilities Manager; v20 n4 , p38-40 ; Jul-Aug 2004
Presents proposed changes to the National Fire Protection Association Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems (NFPA 90A). Areas of interest to facility managers include changes in smoke damper requirements and rules for removal of abandoned cable.
New Codes for Stairwell Lighting.
Hart, G. Kimball Facilities Manager; v20 n4 , p43-45 ; Jul-Aug 2004
Describes a new standard for stairwell lighting, recently approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the Uniform Fire Code (NFPA 1), and the Life Safety Code (NFPA 101). The standard increases the footcandle requirement ten-fold, but the use of motion sensors and timers has been allowed in order to reduce energy consumption.
Schools Try to Keep from Getting Burned.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/692.shtm Rittner-Heir, Robbin M. School Planning and Management; v43 n6 , p46,49,50,51,52,54 ; Jun 2004
Discusses fire safety criteria for floor, ceiling, and door materials, as well as sprinkler system versus passive fire protection.
Making the Upgrade.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_making_upgrade/ Carrigan, James American School and University; v76 n4 , p32B,32D-F ; Dec 2003
Recommends various campus-wide, addressable fire alarm technologies for replacement of standalone systems. Describes the way they communicate and discusses cost-effective means of making the upgrades.
Clearing the Smoke: Is it Time to Update Your Campus Fire Alarm System?
Sturgeon, Julie College Planning and Management; v6 n11 , pS12,S14 ; Nov 2003
Describes smoke detection systems that require minimal wiring, more accurately indicate the source of smoke, and are programmable for varying sensitivities according to time of day and location.
The Heat is On.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_heat/ Zernial, Wolfgang American School and University; v76 n3 , p288-291 ; Nov 2003
Describes the features of fire-resistant glass that does transfer heat. The technology involves sandwiching substances within the glass that turn to foam when heated and keep the glass relatively cool on the non-fire side.
Balancing Safety and Security in the School Environment.
http://www.fpemag.com/archives/article.asp?issue_id=17&i=34 Szachnowicz, Alex Fire Protection Engineering; , p17-20,22-24 ; Fall 2003
Reviews principles of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, school fire statistics and history, door features that offer property security without inhibiting emergency egress, features of combined fire/security alarms, and advice on preventing false alarms. Includes ten references.
Stay or Go?
Kroll, Karen NFPA Journal; v97 n5 , p42-47 ; Sep-Oct 2003
Discusses whether U.S. schools equipped with fire sprinklers and fire detection and intercom systems should be able to use a delayed evacuation policy when it comes to fire drills or actual fires. A controversial project in Minnesota is examining that question. The paper discusses concerns about delayed evacuation, the impact of delayed evacuation on false alarms, issues related to school shootings, current school construction practices, and staff training needs.
New Fire Code in Mass. Targets
Classroom Displays.
http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2003/07/09/42fire.h22.html Bowman, Darcia Harris Education Week ; v22 n42 , p3 ; Jul 09, 2003
This explores the ramifications of a new Massachusetts fire code aimed at curbing the amount of flammable artwork and decorations hanging in classrooms and hallways. In classrooms without sprinkler systems, teachers will be allowed to cover no more than one- fifth of the wall space with hanging paper displays that are not flame- resistant. Thirty percent of the walls can be covered with non-flame resistant paper displays in schools that have sprinklers throughout the building. The rules are most restrictive regarding paper displays in hallways and large gathering areas such as gyms and auditoriums.
[Free subscriber registration is required.]
Security/Life Safety: A Need for Change.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_need_change/ Ellsworth, Douglas American School and University; v75 n11 , p30-32 ; Jul 2003
In response to legislation, colleges and universities in several states must prepare to install sprinkler systems. Four basic issues an engineering study should examine include: whether the existing water service has the size, capacity, and pressure to support a sprinkler system; whether the protected facility will have to comply with more stringent code requirements; what the sprinkler system will cost; and what project planning and management will cost.
Stopping Fire Where it Starts.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/jun03/jun03security.shtml Westerkamp, Thomas Maintenance Solutions; Jun 2003
By preventing the spread of fire throughout a facility,
firestop technology and products aim to minimize damage.
Firestops fill the spaces around such elements as conduit, cable ways and piping where they pass through fire-rated walls or floors, and provide an important adjunct to portable, manual extinguishers and fixed automatic sprinkler systems. Firestop products detect heat or fire and automatically discharge or expand at specific locations they were designed to protect, and can be connected to a fixed fire-alarm system so that they trip an alarm and identify a location even while fighting the fire.
How To Improve Cabling Fire Safety.
Michlovic, John College Planning and Management; v6 n5 , p38 ; May 2003
Discusses two new governing standards from the National Fire Protection Association regarding plastic-coated cables, and other ways to improve cable safety.
Going Up? The Pros and Cons of Vertical Expansion.
http://www.asbointl.org/asbo/ Myler, Patricia A.; Boggs, Richard C School Business Affairs; v68 n11 , p28-33 ; Dec 2002
Describes the advantages and disadvantages of the vertical expansion of school buildings. Considers such factors as fire protection, compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, and cost. Discusses alternatives to vertical expansion.
Supply Side Focus: Fire Protection
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/Oct02/oct02security.shtml Gardner, Thomas W. : Fisher, John E. Maintenance Solutions; Oct 2002
The key to providing protection of facilities is the development of a program that delivers regular inspection, testing and maintenance of fire-protection and life-safety systems. This describes the newest technology, programmable protection, system maintenance needs, and contractor coordination.
Sprinkler Safety.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_sprinkler_safety/ Tremblay, Dennis; McCarthy, John F. American School and University; v74 n11 , p42-44 ; Jul 2002
Discusses the importance of maintaining sprinkler systems in school facilities. Provides facts about sprinklers and describes steps to take after accidental discharges.
How To Reduce the Risk of Residence Hall Fires.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/379.shtm Fickes, Michael College Planning and Management; v5 n6 , p30,32 ; Jun 2002
Explores reasons for the decline in the number of fires in college and university residence halls and describes a four-pronged program called PODS (Prevention, Occupant awareness, Detection, and Suppression) to help administrators organize fire-prevention efforts.
Campus Fire Safety Today.
http://www.appa.org/FacilitiesManager/ Thompson, Mike Facilities Manager; v17 n6 , p22-26 ; Nov-Dec 2001
Reviews information on recent college and university dormitory fire fatalities, and highlights five examples of building features reported to be major contributing factors in residence-hall fires. Explains how public awareness and expectations are affecting school dormitory safety.
In the Line of Fire.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_fire_safety_line/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v74 n2 , p50B,D,F,H ; Oct 2001
Highlights the importance of using sprinkler systems in school residence halls to prevent fire fatalities. Understanding the risks involved, retrofitting schools to meet these risks, and realizing the need to extend safety education to off-campus housing are discussed.
Solving Another Fire Hazard Problem.
Trunko, Michael E. College Planning and Management; v4 n6 , p34,36 ; Jun 2001
Discusses how rooftop grease containment systems can protect college roofs and prevent fires. Included are the rules and regulations for grease containment systems and tips for choosing a system.
The Flames Stop Here.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_flames_stop/ Brunette, Len American School and University; v73 n3 , p406-409 ; Nov 2000
Explains how advancements in glass manufacturing can help prevent fire and smoke from spreading through a building. The benefits of using wired glass and see-through ceramics are highlighted, as is the importance of glass in minimizing smoke and reducing smoke-related mortality.
The Fires of 2000.
http://www.appa.org/FacilitiesManager/ Jesse, Hugh Facilities Manager; v16 n6 , p28-29 ; Nov-Dec 2000
Discusses the University of Montana's handling of their own fire events occurring during the year 2000's major fire season disasters in the American West.
Sounding the Alarm.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_sounding_alarm/ Cordasco, Jerry M. American School and University; v72 n11 , p44,46,48,50 ; Jul 2000
Explains the use of alarms and other early-detection devices to effectively protect students in life threatening fire situations. Ohio State University's multidiscipline approach to life safety is illustrated.
A Deadly Blaze Prompts Action
Lords, Erik Chronicle of Higher Education; v46 n27 pA49,A51 , pA49,A51 ; Mar 10, 2000
Describes efforts toward improved fire safety measures and regulations by individual institutions of higher
education, states, national associations, and Congress after three students were killed in a dormitory fire at Seton Hall University
(New Jersey) last fall. Emphasis is on the need for sprinklers in all dormitory rooms.
Fire Protection in Educational Occupancies.
Gervais, Romeo P. School Planning and Management; v38 n1 , p64-65 ; Jan 2000
Discusses the origins of school fires and the components of the fire protection code called the Life Safety Code (LSC). Three of the following LSC requirements are described: means of egress; protection from hazards; and fire suppression and alarm systems. Information on who starts fires is highlighted along with preventive measures.
Ten Fire Safety Tips for Schools.
Lake, James D. School Planning and Management; v38 n6 , p32-24 ; Jun 1999
Provides 10 basic tips, compiled from the National Fire Protection Association's Life Safety Code 101, to ensure that educational facilities are fire safe. Tips include use of frequent and unexpected fire drills, limiting wall space of student artwork and teaching materials, being alert to preventing arson, planning speedy and safe emergency evacuations, and separating hazardous areas from the main school.
Residence Hall Fires.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/123.shtm Wright, Dorothy College Planning and Management; v2 n6 ; Jun 1999
Discusses how one college's experience with a tragic fire in one of their residence halls prompted a reevaluation of its fire prevention and response strategies. Staff training, sprinkler installation, new alarm systems, and exit hardware to help make building exiting more efficient are discussed.
Putting Out Fires.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_putting_fires/ Dondero, Tom American School and University; v71 n4 , p29,30 ; Dec 1998
The mission of the School Fire and Life Safety Partnership was to develop consensus on the application of new fire protection codes, adopted by California, which affected the addition of relocatable buildings to school sites. Describes a document on fire and life safety that resulted from this partnership.
Fire Power.
http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/1998/11/11/11arson.h18.html Meade, Jeff Education Week ; v18 n11 , p32-37 ; Nov 11, 1998
Discusses the prevalence of school arson, motives for setting school fires, and sex and type of student
involvement within the context of a detailed description of the high school burning in rural Cross Plains, Texas. Investigation
findings and community and teacher reactions are given. [Free subscriber registration is required.]
Fight Fire with These Safety Strategies.
Jackson, Lisa M. School Planning and Management; v37 n8 , p24-28 ; Aug 1998
Provides expert guidelines on ways to keep schools and children safe from building fires, such as maintenance of exits for easy egress in emergencies, maintaining fire protection systems, and utilizing evacuation planning and drilling. Fire safety ideas as part of school building and renovation projects are highlighted.
They've Seen Fire and They've Seen Rain
Chandler, Kurt Education FM; v1 n2 , p18,20-22 ; May 1998
Recounts what school district facilities managers did and what they learned from the flood and fire disaster in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Examines the taxing and complex cleanup effort, which required officials to scramble to locate sufficient architectural and construction crews to meet repair demands. Identifies unforeseen problems that leaders faced, such as toxic biological growth. Also describes the damage and repair expenses.
Fighting Fire with Fire.
Spoor, Dana L. American School and University; v68 n8 , p22-24 ; Apr 1996
School districts are integrating security and life-safety systems into school
buildings to protect students and property. This proactive approach includes
sprinkler systems, fire alarms, and security systems that monitor door
movement. Some school districts that are incorporating the latest life-safety
technology are in Missouri, Ohio, California, and New York.
Safeguarding Underground Storage Tanks.
McGovern, Matthew School Planning and Management; Feb 1996
USTs must meet new federal regulations by December 1998. Possible hazards from leaking underground
storage tanks include: fires, health hazards, explosions and contamination
of fresh water supplies. A school district’s underground, single-walled
fiberglass, diesel fuel storage tanks’ leak is used as an example.
Alarming Possibilities
Salamone, Bob American School & University; v67 n9 , p48,50-51 ; May 1995
Describes how new intelligent fire and life-safety systems help assure proper functioning through networking with other systems and providing detailed status reports. Considerations for system specifications that match facility functions and risks are discussed.
Trial by Fire (and Tornado) Taught Us to Plan for Crises.
Caylor, Mary Jane Executive Educator; v13 n2 , p22-24 ; Feb 1991
Based on Huntsville (Alabama) schools' experience with a devastating fire, the superintendent later ensured adequate fire insurance coverage, promoted regular fire drills, and
developed an emergency response plan that delineated staff responsibilities, communication modes, and training and updating procedures. The plan served the district well during a subsequent tornado warning.
Campus Firewatch
http://www.campus-firewatch.com/ Campus Firewatch is an electronic newsletter focusing exclusively on campus fire safety, both on- and off-campus. The website includes resources and a buyer's guide, as well as information on an annual conference.
Fire Safety [United Kingdom]
http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/ Website with information on fire safety in schools in the United Kingdom. Includes a facilities guide, construction standards, fire safety management, advice and help, and references.
Fire Safety for College Students
http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/citizens/college/ Information from FEMA's U.S. Fire Administration on campus fire safety. The site includes
publications and links of interest.
National Fire Protection Association.
http://www.nfpa.org/ The international nonprofit NFPA provides and advocates scientifically-based consensus codes and standards, research, training, and education on fire, electrical, and life safety issues. The website includes an online catalog, research and reports, and professional development.
U.S. Fire Administration. Fire Safety and Education.
http://www.usfa.fema.gov/ Site sponsored by FEMA/United States Fire Administration. Includes a section on Fire Safety Programs for Schools and Day Care Providers.
Disaster Preparedness and Response for Schools and Universities http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/disaster.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) NCEF's resource list of links, books, and journal articles on building or retrofitting schools to withstand natural disasters and terrorism, developing emergency preparedness plans, and using school buildings to shelter community members during emergencies.
School Safety and Security--PK-12 Facilities Issues
http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/safety_security.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) NCEF's resource list of links, books, and journal articles on designing safer PK-12 schools, implementing security technologies, and crime prevention through environmental design.
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National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities at the National Institute of Building Sciences 1090 Vermont Ave., NW Suite 700, Washington, D.C. 20005 · Toll free: 888-552-0624 · 202-289-7800 · www.ncef.org Funded by a grant from the U.S. Department of Education |
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